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Nature
Trail Guide
Whitewater Gorge Park
The trail is 3 1/2 mils long from Test Road to
Thistlethwaite Falls. It takes roughly 2 hours to walk the length of the trail and back at a
moderate pace. There are 9 bridges on the trail and 8 sets of stairs. Parking
is available at Springwood Park, Weir Dam and the Test Road entrance.
 1
- Thistlethwaite Falls
Thistlethwaite Falls is one remnant of an ancient waterfall which has been migrating
upstream for thousands of years, deepening the Gorge as it went. The Niagara Gorge
was formed in a similar manner by the backward movement of Niagara Falls. A dozen
Potawatami Indiana teepees were seen near Thistlethwaite Falls by one of the first white
settlers. Later, a mill was built nearby and the falls became a popular picnic spot
for early residents of Richmond.
2 - Bird Sanctuary
About twenty acres of flood plain and wooded hillside owned by Friends United Meeting are
being managed as a bird sanctuary here. The Gorge presents favorable nesting
conditions for about fifty species of native birds - from house wren to green heron.
How many will you see? How many more will you hear?
3 - Vertical Cliffs
North and south of where Bridge Avenue crosses the river, the bedrock of limestone and
shale is exposed in nearly vertical cliffs.
 These layers of rock ere deposited by an
ancient sea about 450 million years ago and contain one of the world's best fossil records
of the primitive animals that lived in that period. So valuable are the examples of
rock strata exposed here and elsewhere in the Gorge that "Richmond Group" and "Whitewater
Formation" are recognized categories in geologists' system of classification.
4 - Happy Hollow
This narrow portion of the Gorge upstream of the confluence of the two forks has been
nicknamed "Happy Hollow" for a hundred years. Some old-timers say the name
stems from happy Saturday-night signing of the Irish families who once lived here.
5 - Weir Dam
This concrete dam used to divert cooling water to a city-owned electric power plant which
occupied the flat flood plain north of the Main Street bridge. The first
electric generators were built there in 1894 by private interests. The city-owned
Johnson Street Station went out of service in 1954, replaced by a larger plant south of
town.
6 - Flour Mill
On this spot in 1864 a flour mill was established which later became the Richmond Roller
Mills. It ran on water power, then steam, and its seven-story building dwarfed the
Gorge wall into which it was built. The mill went out of business early in this
century and a shattered foundation on the steep slope is all that remains of this
once-prosperous enterprise.
7 - First Public Utility
This brick building located on the edge of the Gorge was erected in 1858 to house
Richmond's first public utility. The Richmond Gas Light and Coke Company produced
from coal with coke as a by-product, was a great improvement over the sperm oil lams and
candles used previously for lighting.
8 - Wayne County Courthouse
You can see the monumental Wayne County Courthouse from many
points on the trail. Designed by a Cincinnati architect in the popular Romanesque
revival style, it took six hundred wagon loads of Bedford Oolitic limestone to build
it. This courthouse, completed in 1893, was the sixth built in Wayne County.
9 - National Road Bridge
Just south of the towering Main Street bridge on the east side of the river, you can see
old stones built into a mound of earth. They are ruins of the National Road Bridge,
Richmond's first bridge over the Whitewater River. In use from 1834 to 1895, it was
the first covered bridge in Indiana, a magnificent span resting on stone piers thirty feet
above the water. The National Road bridge boasted seven wooden arches, two teamways,
and two walkways. Imagine the relief of settlers traveling west on the Cumberland
Road (later called the National Road) when they found they would not have to ford the
river and haul their wagons up the western bluff along a gully.
 Click on picture for larger view.
10 - Starr Piano Company
The two-story brick building across the river is the first one built by the Starr Piano Company in 1872. Until 1949, the Starr factory
produced upright, grand, and player pianos in a sprawling complex which was known as
"Banjo Valley". The Whitewater River powered the factory until 1903. In
its heyday, Starr had more than a thousand men building twenty thousand pianos per year in
thirty-one buildings. Award-winning Starr pianos were recognized around the world
for their excellence.
 11 - Gennett
Recording Studio
Did you know that Hoagy Carmichael, Bix Beiderbecke, Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong,
Gene Autry, even William Jennings Bryan all visited the Gorge in years gone by?
These luminaries and many others made blues, jazz, hillbilly, spoken and other records at
the Gennett Recording Studio, which was a subsidiary of Starr
Piano, between 1915 and 1934. In the mid-1920's, Gennett was producing three million
records per year in the Gorge, but the Great Depression silenced this musical trailblazer.
12 - Fording the Whitewater
Before the National Road Bridge was built, Conestoga wagons forded the Whitewater at a
point about halfway between the present day "G" Street bridge and the surviving
six-story Starr Piano building. The river was shallow there and the bottom was
covered with hard, flat stones.
13 - Flood Plain
The wide, flat expanse of flood plain under the "G" Street bridge is covered by
many towering sycamores and numerous other trees and shrubs. A century ago this same
land was a tidy farmstead with a home, outbuildings, grist mill, but few trees.
Today the land is largely owned by the Richmond Water Works which pumps groundwater from
deep deposits of sand and gravel lying beneath it.
14 - Quarries
The slabby nature of the bedrock (alternating layers of shale and limestone) is easy to
see in many gullies and outcrops in the walls of the Gorge. The shale breaks down
into clay and the limestone falls out in flat chunks well suited for foundations, walls,
and chimneys. This accounts for the numerous quarries in the Gorge in the nineteenth
century. An 1874 atlas shows a large quarry east of the river at the location
indicated.
15 - Canopy Trees
Soon after white settlers arrived, they began stripping the Gorge of the massive canopy
trees that covered its slopes - beech, sugar maple, tulip tree, white ash, elm, walnut,
black cherry, hackberry, oak, and hickory. Most of these species are now making
a comeback, but American beech, a very slow-growing tree with smooth, light-gray bark, is
still rare. There is one young beech, about 15 feet tall, just east of the upper
trail about halfway between Test Road and "G" Street. Will you see it when
you pass?
16 - Test Woolen Mill
The decaying foundation of stone and brick near the trail is all that remains of the Test
Woolen Mill that operated here from 1855 until 1900. It consisted of a three-story
mill building with a large overshot mill wheel and a separate one-story dye house, both
torn down in 1904. In the 1800's many mills were built along the Whitewater, a
swiftly-flowing stream that falls six to ten feet per mile toward the Ohio River basin.
The river was dammed to create a millpond and water was transported from the
millpond to the mill in a ditch called a millrace. Not far up the trail you should
look for a long narrow depression in the earth that was part of the millrace for the Test
Woolen Mill.
If the Whitewater Gorge contains many relics that remind us of the past,
it is also a showcase for natural phenomena that span past, present, and future; steep
valley walls and dense green foliage in summer, slightly lower temperatures caused by cool
air settling down into the Gorge, the trill of unseen birds, and the sound of the river
shaping and reshaping the flood plain.
Development of the Whitewater Gorge Park will
help restore the Gorge to a place of honor in the heart of Richmond and preserve the
beauty of the Gorge for future generations. Please Do Your Part! As you walk on the trail
enjoying the natural and historic features of the Gorge, do not damage or pick plants and
please dispose of trash properly.
Material from the Whitewater Park Trail Guide distributed by the
Richmond Parks and Recreations department.
Special thanks to Brian Jones of Photo ReStore for the use of the enhanced
Gennett logo.
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